ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)

What is ADHD?

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition. People with ADHD experience ongoing patterns of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, or both, that are more frequent or severe than expected for their age and that interfere with daily functioning.

ADHD is not caused by laziness, poor parenting or a lack of intelligence. It is a well-studied condition with effective treatments.

Symptoms

ADHD symptoms fall into two groups.

Inattention

• Difficulty sustaining attention on tasks or conversations
• Making careless mistakes or overlooking details
• Trouble organizing tasks, time and belongings
• Avoiding tasks that require sustained mental effort
• Frequently losing things or being easily distracted
• Forgetfulness in daily activities

Hyperactivity and impulsivity

• Fidgeting, restlessness or difficulty staying seated
• Feeling “driven by a motor” or unable to relax
• Talking excessively or interrupting others
• Difficulty waiting your turn
• Acting without thinking through consequences

These symptoms can occur with ADHD, but they can also be caused by other conditions — such as anxiety, depression, sleep problems or thyroid issues. Only a qualified professional can provide a diagnosis.

Types

Clinicians describe three presentations of ADHD:

• Predominantly inattentive presentation
• Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation
• Combined presentation

A person’s presentation can change over time.

ADHD in adults

In adults, hyperactivity may show up as inner restlessness rather than obvious physical activity. Common challenges include time management, disorganization, procrastination, difficulty finishing projects and emotional reactivity. Read more about ADHD in adults.

Causes

Research points to a strong genetic component. Other factors associated with ADHD include premature birth, low birth weight, and exposure to certain substances (such as alcohol or tobacco) during pregnancy. Brain-imaging studies show differences in brain development and activity, though these cannot be used to diagnose an individual.

Risk factors

• Having a parent or sibling with ADHD
• Premature birth or low birth weight
• Prenatal exposure to alcohol, tobacco or lead

Diagnosis

There is no blood test or brain scan for ADHD. A clinician — such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, pediatrician or other qualified professional — will:

• Take a detailed history of current and childhood symptoms
• Gather information from other sources where possible (e.g., family members, school reports)
• Use validated rating scales
• Consider other conditions that can look like ADHD or occur alongside it

Treatment

Treatment plans are individualized and often combine several approaches:

• Medication: ADHD medications, including stimulants and non-stimulants, can reduce core symptoms for many people.
• Behavioral therapy and parent training: for children, parent training in behavior management is often recommended as a first step, especially for young children.
• Cognitive behavioral therapy: CBT adapted for ADHD can help adults build organization and planning skills.
• Coaching and accommodations: practical supports at school or work.

Self-care

• Use external tools — calendars, reminders, checklists — rather than relying on memory.
• Break large tasks into small, specific steps.
• Build routines for sleep, meals and exercise.
• Reduce distractions in your environment when focusing.
• Learn about ADHD so you can explain your needs to others.