Bipolar Disorder

What is bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that causes marked shifts in mood, energy, activity levels and the ability to carry out daily tasks. People experience episodes of mania or hypomania and, in most cases, episodes of depression, with periods of more stable mood in between.

Symptoms

During manic or hypomanic episodes, a person may have an elevated or irritable mood, much more energy, reduced need for sleep, racing thoughts, rapid speech, inflated self-confidence, and engage in risky activities. Depressive episodes involve symptoms similar to depression.

These symptoms can occur with bipolar disorder, but only a qualified professional can provide a diagnosis.

Types

• Bipolar I disorder: at least one manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
• Bipolar II disorder: at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode, without full mania.
• Cyclothymic disorder: ongoing periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that don’t meet full criteria for an episode.

Causes and risk factors

Bipolar disorder has a strong genetic component and tends to run in families. Brain structure and function, stressful life events and disrupted sleep may also play a role.

Diagnosis

A psychiatrist or other qualified clinician makes the diagnosis based on a detailed history, often including input from family, and a review of physical health.

Treatment

• Medication: mood stabilizers and certain antipsychotics are commonly used. Treatment is typically long-term and monitored by a prescriber.
• Psychotherapy: psychoeducation, CBT, family-focused therapy and interpersonal and social rhythm therapy can help people manage symptoms and spot early warning signs.
• Routine: regular sleep and daily rhythms are an important part of staying well.